diff --git a/auction-dutch/chaincode-go-auditor/smart-contract/auction.go b/auction-dutch/chaincode-go-auditor/smart-contract/auction.go
index e0151f8a..c56daedd 100644
--- a/auction-dutch/chaincode-go-auditor/smart-contract/auction.go
+++ b/auction-dutch/chaincode-go-auditor/smart-contract/auction.go
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ func (s *SmartContract) RevealBid(ctx contractapi.TransactionContextInterface, a
 
 	transientBidJSON, ok := transientMap["bid"]
 	if !ok {
-		return fmt.Errorf("bid key not found in the transient map")
+		return errors.New("bid key not found in the transient map")
 	}
 
 	// get implicit collection name of organization ID
diff --git a/auction-dutch/chaincode-go-auditor/smart-contract/auctionQueries.go b/auction-dutch/chaincode-go-auditor/smart-contract/auctionQueries.go
index cee05d2c..45b84762 100644
--- a/auction-dutch/chaincode-go-auditor/smart-contract/auctionQueries.go
+++ b/auction-dutch/chaincode-go-auditor/smart-contract/auctionQueries.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package auction
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/hyperledger/fabric-chaincode-go/v2/shim"
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ func (s *SmartContract) QueryAuction(ctx contractapi.TransactionContextInterface
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get auction object %v: %v", auctionID, err)
 	}
 	if auctionJSON == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("auction does not exist")
+		return nil, errors.New("auction does not exist")
 	}
 
 	var auction *Auction
diff --git a/auction-dutch/chaincode-go/smart-contract/auction.go b/auction-dutch/chaincode-go/smart-contract/auction.go
index e71ae843..3ebf3d65 100644
--- a/auction-dutch/chaincode-go/smart-contract/auction.go
+++ b/auction-dutch/chaincode-go/smart-contract/auction.go
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
+    "errors"
+    "fmt"
 	"sort"
 
 	"github.com/hyperledger/fabric-contract-api-go/v2/contractapi"
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ func (s *SmartContract) Bid(ctx contractapi.TransactionContextInterface, auction
 
 	bidJSON, ok := transientMap["bid"]
 	if !ok {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("bid key not found in the transient map")
+		return "", errors.New("bid key not found in the transient map")
 	}
 
 	// get the implicit collection name using the bidder's organization ID
diff --git a/auction-dutch/chaincode-go/smart-contract/auctionQueries.go b/auction-dutch/chaincode-go/smart-contract/auctionQueries.go
index 67d42f61..d5024fb4 100644
--- a/auction-dutch/chaincode-go/smart-contract/auctionQueries.go
+++ b/auction-dutch/chaincode-go/smart-contract/auctionQueries.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package auction
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/hyperledger/fabric-chaincode-go/v2/shim"
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ func (s *SmartContract) QueryAuction(ctx contractapi.TransactionContextInterface
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get auction object %v: %v", auctionID, err)
 	}
 	if auctionJSON == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("auction does not exist")
+		return nil, errors.New("auction does not exist")
 	}
 
 	var auction *Auction
diff --git a/token-erc-20/chaincode-go/chaincode/token_contract.go b/token-erc-20/chaincode-go/chaincode/token_contract.go
index 388da934..677ee443 100644
--- a/token-erc-20/chaincode-go/chaincode/token_contract.go
+++ b/token-erc-20/chaincode-go/chaincode/token_contract.go
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func (s *SmartContract) Mint(ctx contractapi.TransactionContextInterface, amount
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to check if contract is already initialized: %v", err)
 	}
 	if !initialized {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Contract options need to be set before calling any function, call Initialize() to initialize contract")
+		return errors.New("Contract options need to be set before calling any function, call Initialize() to initialize contract")
 	}
 
 	// Check minter authorization - this sample assumes Org1 is the central banker with privilege to mint new tokens
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func (s *SmartContract) Mint(ctx contractapi.TransactionContextInterface, amount
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get MSPID: %v", err)
 	}
 	if clientMSPID != "Org1MSP" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("client is not authorized to mint new tokens")
+		return errors.New("client is not authorized to mint new tokens")
 	}
 
 	// Get ID of submitting client identity
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func (s *SmartContract) Mint(ctx contractapi.TransactionContextInterface, amount
 	}
 
 	if amount <= 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("mint amount must be a positive integer")
+		return errors.New("mint amount must be a positive integer")
 	}
 
 	currentBalanceBytes, err := ctx.GetStub().GetState(minter)
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func (s *SmartContract) Burn(ctx contractapi.TransactionContextInterface, amount
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to check if contract is already initialized: %v", err)
 	}
 	if !initialized {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Contract options need to be set before calling any function, call Initialize() to initialize contract")
+		return errors.New("Contract options need to be set before calling any function, call Initialize() to initialize contract")
 	}
 	// Check minter authorization - this sample assumes Org1 is the central banker with privilege to burn new tokens
 	clientMSPID, err := ctx.GetClientIdentity().GetMSPID()
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ func (s *SmartContract) Burn(ctx contractapi.TransactionContextInterface, amount
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get MSPID: %v", err)
 	}
 	if clientMSPID != "Org1MSP" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("client is not authorized to mint new tokens")
+		return errors.New("client is not authorized to mint new tokens")
 	}
 
 	// Get ID of submitting client identity
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ func checkInitialized(ctx contractapi.TransactionContextInterface) (bool, error)
 // sub two number checking for overflow
 func sub(b int, q int) (int, error) {
 
-	// sub two number checking 
+	// sub two number checking
 	if q <= 0 {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("Error: the subtraction number is %d, it should be greater than 0", q)
 	}